{"id":234,"date":"2015-07-09T17:38:20","date_gmt":"2015-07-09T12:08:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/doctorsquiz.com\/updates\/?p=234"},"modified":"2015-07-09T17:38:20","modified_gmt":"2015-07-09T12:08:20","slug":"latest-high-yield-point-for-pharmacology-2015","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/doctorsquiz.com\/updates\/2015\/07\/09\/latest-high-yield-point-for-pharmacology-2015","title":{"rendered":"LATEST HIGH YIELD POINT FOR PHARMACOLOGY 2015"},"content":{"rendered":"

LATEST HIGH YIELD POINT FOR PHARMACOLOGY 2015<\/h4>\n
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LATEST HIGH YIELD POINT FOR PHARMACOLOGY 2015<\/h6>\n

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY<\/strong><\/p>\n

MC mode drug absorption is passive diffusion
\n– \u00a0\u00a0 Vd(Volume of\u00a0 distribution) is hypothetical volume in which the drug is distributed
\n– \u00a0\u00a0 Vd =amount\/plasma concentration
\nClarence is the volume of plasma that gets filtered of the drug in unit time
\nClarence (CL) = Rate of elimination\\Plasma concentration
\nIt is of two types- Zero order (amount constant) & First order (fraction constant)
\n– Both half-life and CL remain constant in first order kinetics while both change in zero order
\nHalf-life-Time taken by the drug to reduce its concentration by half.A drug is eliminated completely in 4-5 half lifes.<\/p>\n

It can tell about total duration of drug action and time to achieve plasma steady state concentration<\/p>\n

Dose response curve is the relationship between log of dose and response. Slope indicates safety, X-axis indicates potency and height indicates efficacy<\/p>\n

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM<\/strong>
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Botulinum toxin reduces release of acetylcholine
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Acetylcholine is metabolised by true (neuronal enzyme) & false pseudocholinesterase
\n(deficiency causes apnea)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Bethanechol (direct acting cholinomimetic) is used in Hirsprung\u2019s disease, achalasia cardia and post-operative urinary retention
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Neostigmine is DOC for post operative recovery from non-depolarizing blockers, cobra bite and myasthenia gravis
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0DOC for organophosphate poisoning is atropine; cholinesterase re-activators e.g. pralidoxime, obidoxime can be used
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Atropine is C.I. in amanita muscaria poisoning
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Glycopyrrolate is atropine substitute specially useful for older patients undergoing surgery as it is more cardiostable
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pipenzolate is used for infantile colic ,while fleoxate is used for ureteric colic
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Hyosine butylbromide (Buscopan ) is used commonly as anticholinergic drug for abdominal pain of spasmodic type
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dicyclomine has both antiemetics and anti-motion sickness property
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hyoscine (levo-scopolamine) is DOC for motion sickness and has amnesic properties
\n(was used post world war-2 to peoduce amnesia)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Adrenaline is DOC for angioedema ,anaphylactic shock ,cardiac arrest
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Isoproterenol is DOC for heart block (Causes pure rise of systolic BP)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mephenteramine is DOC for short term rise of BP
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Dopamine is DOC for cardiogenic shock; acts on D-1 receptors in kidney–> renal vasodilator
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dobutamine (beta-1 agonist doesn\u2019t* act on dopamine receptors) is DOC for pump
\nfailure (e.g. following\u00a0 AMI, heart surgery)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Phenyleprine is the drug that produces mydriasis without cycloplegia
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Midodrine is DOC for postural hypotension
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Methylphenidate is DOC for ADHD
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Imipramine is DOC for nocturnal enuresis due to its anticholinergic property
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ephedrine is DOC for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Alpha-blockers are of two types (selective & non-selective)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Prazocin, terazocin are selective alpha-1 blockers that do not cause reflex tachycardia as they don\u2019t increase release of norepinephrine
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0First dose hypotension is MC side effect of alpha bockers; they don\u2019t increase lipid levels like beta-blockers-rather reduce them<\/p>\n

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\u00a0CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS<\/strong>
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nitrates are the DOC of initial choice for all sorts of angina pain
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nitrates act by delivering NO (nitric oxide) and are mainly venodilators
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Beta blockers are contraindicated in variant angina (would cause unopposed vasospasm)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 DOC for variant angina (also called Prinzmetal\u2019s angina) are CCBs
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0MC side effect of nitrates is headache or postural hypotension (tolerance develop with nitrates on regular use)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0DOC for hypertension with angina is beta-blocker(Beta-blockers are DOC for HT in stressed patients & those with high rennin levels)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0DOC for hypertension with diabetes\/nephropathy or rennin hypertension is ACE inhibitors (MC side effect-cough ,also cause hyperkalemia,C\/I in bilateral renal artery stenosis)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ACE inhibitors are now initial DOC for CHF
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Procainamide is MC drug causing drug induced SLE (kidney is NOT involved)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Amiadarone is the most efficacious,broadest spectrum & longest \u2013acting (t \u00bd =70 days) anti-arrhythmic drug .Its most common side effect is pulmonary fibrosis \u2013it also causes hypothyroidism & hyperthyroidism
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Bretylium is DOC for LA induced arrhythmias-acts by inhibiting release of norepinephrine
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sotalol is beta-blocker with K+ channel blocking activity
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Adenosine is the shortest acting anti-arrhythmic drug (<10 seconds) and is DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Digoxin(t \u00bd=24-36hrs) is MC used cardiac glycoside ,excreted unchanged from kidney.Therefore ,C\/I in renal failure .Digitoxin(t \u00bd=165 h) undergoes enetrohepatic circulation and is safe in renal failure (C\/I in hepatic failure)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Digoxin acts by inhibiting Na+K+ATPase and therefore increases cardiac contractility;
\nheart rate is NOT increased (rather decreased due to AV block)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Digoxin is Cl in obstructive cardiomycopathy,aortic stenosis,ventricular tachycardia, and partial heart block (it is safe in full heart block)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MC precipitating factor of digoxin toxicity is hypokalemia (hyperkalemia is protective)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 DOC for digoxin toxicity is potassium (C\/I in overdose)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0DOC for overdose of digoxin toxicity is DIGIBIND (Fc fragment of digoxin binding antibody)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Esmolol is shortest acting beta-blocker (t \u00bd=<10 minutes) ; metabolized in plasma therefore is safe in renal \/hepatic failure(atenolol is longest acting beta-blocker)
\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Sincere MAN (Sotalol ,Metoprolol,Atenolol,Nadolol) are water soluble betablockers and are excreted unchanged (C\/I in renal failure)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LATEST HIGH YIELD POINT FOR PHARMACOLOGY 2015 LATEST HIGH YIELD POINT FOR PHARMACOLOGY 2015 GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY MC mode drug absorption is passive diffusion – \u00a0\u00a0 Vd(Volume of\u00a0 distribution) is hypothetical volume in which the drug is distributed – \u00a0\u00a0 Vd =amount\/plasma concentration Clarence is the volume of plasma that gets filtered of the drug in…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[28,37,5,29,7],"tags":[97,46,49,50,96,124,125,52,110,118,126,101,130,129,111,107,99,131,115,127,112,98,100,116,114,113,60,128,64,120,121,65,108,109,117,119,68,123],"class_list":["post-234","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aipgmee","category-dnb-cet","category-dq-online-notes","category-fmge","category-upsc-cms","tag-aiims","tag-aipgmee","tag-dermatology","tag-dnb-cet","tag-dnb-pdcet","tag-doctors","tag-doctors-day-2015","tag-fmge","tag-forensic-medicine-questions-medicine","tag-free-pg-mock","tag-happy-doctors-day-2015","tag-high-yield-notes-physiology-dnb-cet","tag-indian-national-guideline-for-balika-samriddhi-yojana-bsy","tag-infant-nutrition","tag-internal-medicine","tag-latest-mcq-in-anatomy-microbiology","tag-mock","tag-national-schemes","tag-notes","tag-nutrition","tag-online-medicine-notes-microbiology-notes-ophthalmology","tag-online-mock-test","tag-online-notes","tag-online-notes-pathology","tag-ophthalmology-notes","tag-ophthalmology-question","tag-orthopedic","tag-pregnency","tag-psm","tag-psm-online-notes","tag-psm-question","tag-psychiatry","tag-psychiatrynotes","tag-psychiatryquestions-forensic-medicine","tag-questions","tag-radiology-questions","tag-upsc-cms","tag-upsc-cms-combined-medical-services-and-various-pgpost-graduate-mdm"],"yoast_head":"\nLATEST 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