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HIGH YIELD POINT FOR ORTHOPEDIC 2015

HIGH YIELD POINT FOR ORTHOPEDIC 2015

X-ray of a hip replacement.IN PHOTO.

*Spica is a cast where limb and part of trunk are included

IMPORTANT CAST USE IN ORTHOPEDICS .

Name of cast Use
Colle’s cast Colle’s fracture
Cyllinder cast/tube cast Fracture of the patella
Hanging cast Fracture of the humerous
Hip spica* Fracture of the femur
Minerva cast Cervical spine
Petric cast/Broom stick: Perthe d/s
PTB cast (ptellar tendon bearing) Fracture of the tibia
Risser’s turn buckle cast Scoliosis
Shoulder spica* Shoulder immobilisation
U-slab Fracture of the humerous 
Splint Name Use
Cock-up splint Radial nerve palsy
Knuckle-bender splint Ulnar nerve palsy
Aero-plane splint Brachial plexus injury
Toe raising splint For foot drop
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Most common points in Obstetrics and gynaecology 2015

Most common points in Obstetrics and gynaecology 2015

The gold standard for endometriosis -laproscopy The indication for hysteroscopy – bleeding The Post pill amenorrhea = suppression of hypothalamus External feature of turner = webbed neck The Menorhagia, normal uterus, normal ovargy = DUB You chose laproscopy for infertile women = endometrisis is visible The first stage of puberty = growth spurt The commen presnt of benign ovarian tumour = asymptomatic gold stanadard of ectopic = laproscopy The women underwent evacuatin  of mole, important of histo report = take aporopiate action Fetal blood = reticulocyte more Chorionic villous sampling = done after 10 week The Uterine involution = return of uterus to its normal size of 100 gm The Embryonic period = 4-10 weeks Bishop score less than 5 = vaginal pessaries 2 breeh vaginal hx, now again breech = bicornvate uterus Oogenesis =diploid cell produce haploid by meiosis Polyhydraminons =  occur in uncontrolled diabetes Android pelvis = deep transverse arrest Gravid = all preg including current Reassuring sign in labour = head engaged The Best assessment of age at 12 week = CRL The Best assesemnt at 12-20 week = BPD, HC, FL Identification of choronicity = monochorionic has inc mortality Nucal transluancy seen on USG = 11-13 week The Early preg loss in endometriosis = luteal phase def Coitus interuptus = timming The Contra of IUCD = malformation of uterus Contra of IUCD = active pid Minilap = reversible sterilization Treatment of endometriosis = ocp given without break The Epithelial ovarian tumour = peak incidence 50-70 Ovarian cyst = torsion The Colposcopy = cervix The Urine tract endometriosis = cyclical hematuria and dysuria The Vulval cancer in form of nodule = radiacal vulvectomy

Labor, delivery and childbirth
Labor is the process by which contractions of the uterus cause birth.  Many women, especially with their first babies, think they are in labor when they’re not.  Common questions include, “What happens during labor?  What do contractions feel like?  And how do I know that labor has begun?”  We’ll review each of these questions and provide you with the answers Read More !

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Introduction to Statistics: Mean, Median, and Mode

Introduction to Statistics: Mean, Median, and Mode

The Mean

The first term ‘average’ is something we have been familiar with from a very early age when we start analyzing our marks on report cards. We add together all of our test results and then divide it by the sum of the total number of marks there are. so, statistically it’s the Mean!

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Example:

Four tests results: 15, 18, 22, 20
The sum is: 75
Divide 75 by 4: 18.75

The ‘Mean’ (Average) is 18.75

The Mode

The mode Read More !

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Jaundice in the Newborns

Jaundice in the Newborns

Physiological jaundice

Most infants develop visible jaundice due to elevation of unconjugated bilirubin concentration during their first week. This common condition is called physiological jaundice. This pattern of hyperbilirubinemia has been classified into two functionally distinct periods.

Phase one
  1. Term infants – jaundice lasts for about 10 days with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 204 μmol/l (12 mg/dL).
  2. Preterm infants – jaundice lasts for about two weeks, with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 255 μmol/l (15 mg/dL).
Phase two – bilirubin levels decline to about 34 μmol/l (2 mg/dL) for two weeks, eventually mimicking adult values.
  1. Preterm infants – phase two can last more than one month.
  2. Exclusively breastfed infants – phase two can last more than one month.

Causes

Mechanism involved in physiological jaundice are mainly:

  • Relatively low activity of the enzyme glucuronosyltransferase which normally converts unconjugated bilirubin to conjugated bilirubin that can be excreted into the gastrointestinal tract. Before birth, this enzyme is actively down-regulated, since bilirubin needs to remain unconjugated in order to cross the placenta to avoid being accumulated in the fetus.After birth, it takes some time for this enzyme to gain function.
  • Shorter life span of fetal red blood cells, being approximately 80 to 90 days in a full term infant, compared to 100 to 120 days in adults.
  • Relatively low conversion of bilirubin to urobilinogen by the intestinal flora, resulting in relatively high absorption of bilirubin back into the circulation.

Read More !

10 HEALTH FACTS ABOUT COFFEE.
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10 HEALTH FACTS ABOUT COFFEE.

Coffee is a regular morning beverage we all love to have. Today we will focus our discussion on how coffee is helping silently to make us healthy. Various studies show that coffee drinkers have a much lower risk of several diseases.

Coffee Can Help You Burn Fat

Several studies show that caffeine can increase fat burning in the body and boost the metabolic rate.

Coffee Can Improve Energy Levels and Make You Smarter

Caffeine blocks an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, which leads to a stimulant Read More !